Miguel Oliveira made his debut in the 125cc in 2011 with Andalucia Banca Civica team. He achieved six top ten finishes in his first season. He moved to Estrella Galicia 0,0 for the 2012 Moto3 season and he achieved his first podium in Catalunya. Oliveira moved to Mahindra Racing for the 2013 season where he achieved another podium, a third place in Sepang. He remained with the team for 2014 where he took another podium in Assen. Oliveira moved to Red Bull KTM Ajo for the 2015 season and became the first Portuguese rider to win a race with a victory in Mugello. He won a further five races and achieved two second places to finish 2ndoverall. 

For the 2016 season, Oliveira moved up to Moto2 with Leopard Racing. He had a fairly consistent rookie season but an injury towards the end of the season meant he missed out on rookie of the year by a single point. For 2017, Oliveira returned to the Red Bull KTM Ajo team, this time in Moto2. He achieved 9 podiums including 3 wins and finished the year in 3rd overall. He remained with the team for 2018 where he achieved 12 podiums including 3 wins to finish the year in 2nd overall. In 2019, Oliveira made the move up to MotoGP with the Red Bull KTM Tech3 team. He finished in the points in 9 races but was unable to finish the season due to a shoulder injury. Oliveira remained with the team for the 2020 season and achieved his and the team’s first premier class win at the Styrian Grand Prix. He achieved a further race win that season at his home race in Portugal. In 2021, Oliveira moved to the factory KTM team. He achieved three podiums including a win at Catalunya. He achieved a further two wins for the factory team in 2022. For 2023, Oliveira moves to the RNF Team on the Aprilia.